Strategy is a disciplined series of choices rooted in clear trade-offs and built on understanding both internal competencies and external competition. Strategic thinking for elite leaders requires categorically distinguishing between operational effectiveness doing things right and true strategy doing the right things.

- Competitive positions are not found in best practices. They are created by either doing what others do, but more efficiently, or by doing what others cannot. Sustained advantage comes from this separation.
- Core concepts anchor the discipline. “Adjacency expansion” is disciplined growth by moving into closely related markets only when supported by clear customer and economic insight. “Core competencies” are the roots—collective learning that deliver end-product differentiation and resist imitation.
- Balanced Scorecard frames strategy execution via four key lenses—Customer, Internal, Innovation, Financial. This provides multidimensional accountability and is a strategic bridge between intention and result.
- Disruptive innovation occurs when new entrants meet overlooked customer needs at lower cost before gradually moving upmarket. Defending requires recognizing early signals and deploying containment or absorption strategies, not just improving existing operations.
- Blue Ocean Strategy creates new market space, making competition irrelevant by shifting boundaries and redefining consumer expectations. The alternative, “Big-Bang disruption,” quickly upends an industry by simultaneously being better and more affordable.
- Five Forces Framework analyzes the profit structure of industries, emphasizing the competitive context—rivalry, new entrants, substitute threats, buyer power, supplier power.
- Strategic execution is the result of countless decisions, driven by information flow, clear rights, meaningful incentives, and effective structure. The strategy-to-performance gap is closed by making strategy actionable, setting priorities, and embedding tracking and learning.
- Portfolio approaches see strategy as a set of options, not a fixed plan—leaders make staged decisions under uncertainty, using real options reasoning and continuously deploying and withdrawing resources as volatility plays out.
- Modern imperatives: Lean startup models favor disciplined experimentation and customer feedback over premature scaling. Platform strategies embrace external ecosystems rather than mere resource accumulation.
- Purpose and stakeholder-centered strategies move beyond shareholders—linking competitive advantage to broader societal value and integrating purpose directly into strategy for endurance and trust.
- Transient advantage thinking replaces the fantasy of sustained dominance with agility—amassing portfolios of short-lived advantages and scaling down as soon as the context shifts.
